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Corruption in Spain describes the prevention and occurrence of corruption in Spain. That (in the early 21st century) there are many political corruption legal processes in the post Franco years of democratic Spain indicates both a social intolerance of the ''Ancien Régime'' and a willingness to investigate allegations by a largely young and independent judiciary, despite its senior judges being appointees of parliamentary committees Transparency International rated Spain between 2001 to 2012. The average value for Spain during that period was 66.67 points with a maximum of 70 points in 2001 and minimum of 61 points in 2009 and (100 being no corruption).〔(Spain corruption indicator )〕 In 2011 it was rated 30th least corrupt country in the world〔(Corruption in Spain - still a problem ).〕 Political corruption is a large concern in Spain. Political corruption is defined as the action or inaction of one or more real persons managing public resources for their own or a third party's benefit to the detriment of all the citizens they should serve and benefit. Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer 2013 shows that the surveyed households consider political parties, Parliament and the judiciary the most corrupt institutions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.transparency.org/gcb2013 )〕 However, the occurrence of petty corruption is rare in Spain, according to the Barometer 2013. Several other sources, including World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014 and Ernst & Young Fraud Survey 2013, show that bribery and corrupt practises are widespread in businesses in Spain.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.weforum.org/ )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/media/3833162/Ernst_Young-Navigating_todays_complex_business_risks.pdf )〕 As suggested in Business Anti-Corruption Portal, anti-corruption strategies should be significantly strengthened at all levels of the government. One example could be to strengthen investigative and prosecution efforts in foreign bribery cases and enforcing existing laws.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/spain/snapshot.aspx )〕 A comprehensive list of Spanish political corruption cases is available on the Spanish Wikipedia. ==Purposes of this Article== Firstly, this article simply seeks to summarize some of the notable major cases and link existing articles about Spanish political corruption trials. It also seeks to provide a historical perspective to the detection and denouncement (mostly by Investigative journalism), the courage of examining magistrates in extracting evidence and of prosecuting 'fiscals' who present the case for trial, and the use of front organizations by both defendants and particular litigants who may be admitted as legitimate participants and who may then seek to help or hinder the official prosecution process. More important this article is intended to address the cultural heritage implicit in the long tradition of Anglo-Spanish rivalries. Over several centuries ancient propaganda such as the "Black legend" may have become embedded Hispanophobia for many past and some contemporary native speakers of the English language 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Corruption in Spain」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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